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Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.

Doctors are scientists who operate in a world of statistics, odds and probability. Yet they’ve long been taught thatwhendealingwithpatientstheyshouldconveyareassuringlevelofconfidenceandcertainty.(41) __________, patients expect their doctors to give them a clear diagnosis and a straightforward course of treatment. But now that information about every medical condition imaginable is just a few clicks away, experts are asking whether doctors' apparent (42) __________ when communicating with their patients actually does more harm than good. With the information overload brought by the progress of medicine and technology answers are (43) __________ black orwhite.

Medical schools are only just starting to teach doctors how to deal with this, and patients' expectations haven't (44) __________, either.

“Medicine has always fallen short of the sort of certainty that we find in math and geometry”, says Dr. Ross Upshur, a researcher at the Dalla Lana School of Public Health in Toronto. “If you think about knowledge and what it does, it’s about (45) __________ uncertainty, not about creating certainty.”

Doctors in training, like gamblers, need to be(46) __________ working in a field in which they’re constantly weighing the odds based on a myriad of factors. When Upshur teaches medical students how to diagnose an ailment(小恙), he tells them to(47) __________ their inquiry - come up with a list of possibilities, rather than quickly home in on a single solution. “Even when you make a diagnosis that you think is firm, you usually don’t have certainty about what would be the best (48) __________ and what the outcomes will be in the long run.”

Technology has helped(49) __________ the quest for certainty. We are reaching a point where we can feed a list of symptoms into a computer and get a more (50) __________ diagnosis than from a doctor. Dr.Richard Schwartzstein, a professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School, sees such developments as both a/an(51) __________ and an opportunity. On one hand, he says, “Technology tries to push you to a/an(52) __________ level of certainty. Do this test to get a 99 percent level of certainty that you have this disease.”

On the other hand, computers can’t (53) __________ a diagnosis or a treatment to patients in a comforting way. Take a routine screening test for early-stage lung cancer. Based on your age, your smoking status, and your gender, acomputercandoagreatjobofevaluatingthechancesoffindingacancerousnodule (癌症结节). It can also (54) __________ quite precisely the risk of developing an actual cancer based on the size and shape of a nodule. What it can’t do, (55) __________, is decide how to break the news that you have a nodule in your lung that has a 1 percent chance of becoming a cancer.

41. A. On the hand B. Afterwards C. As a result D. Above all

42. A. victim B. instance C. transparency D. certainty

43. A. frequently B. generally C. rarely D. mainly

44. A. adored B. transformed C. faded D. adjusted

45. A. limiting B. hitting C. threatening D. assembling

46. A. compared with B. accounted for C. accustomed to D. annoyed at

47. A.cover B. train C. clarify D. broaden

48. A. identify B. cure C. defend D. cause

49. A. enlighten B. redefine C. commit D. guarantee

50. A. accurate B. plain C. serious D. remedial

51. A. challenge B. encounter C. conversation D. dispute

52. A. dangerous B. maximal C. unfavorable D. contrasting

53. A.stuff B. hint C.communicate D. indicate

54. A. conclude B. understand C. assume D. calculate

55. A.however B. therefore C. moreover D. hence

【参考答案】

41-45 CDCDA

46-50 CDBBA

51-55 ABCDA

【答题详解】

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