泰达国际心血管病医院 郑 刚
心房颤动(房颤)和心力衰竭(心衰)是常见的心血管疾病,经常共存。在心衰患者中,超过一半的患者也患有房颤。两者都与显著的发病率和死亡率有关。此外,每种疾病的发病率在全球范围内都在增加,由于人口老龄化和预期寿命的延长,这一趋势预计将持续下去。心衰患者的房颤诊断与更大的症状负担、更频繁的住院和更差的预后有关。心衰指南推荐的药物治疗(GDMT)是指具有循证医学证据的心衰治疗新四联药物,也有人称为心衰药物治疗的四驾马车:肾素血管紧张素阻断剂[包括血管紧张素转换酶抑制(ACEI)、血管紧张素受体阻断(ARB)和沙库巴曲缬沙坦(ARNI)]、β-阻滞剂(BB)、盐皮质激素受体拮抗剂(MRA)和钠-葡萄糖协同转运蛋白2抑制剂(SGLT2i)。治疗心衰的新四联药物是否会影响房颤的发生率?一旦发生了房颤,是否会影响GDMT治疗心衰的疗效。本文将讨论GDMT在射血分数范围内对心衰预防房颤的影响,以及GDMT对房颤患者和非房颤患者的益处。
1 肾素血管紧张素阻断剂
心衰的特征是交感神经活性过度和肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统(RAAS)激活。随着RAAS的激活,血管紧张素II(Ang II)与其受体结合,导致全身血管阻力增加、肾上腺皮质醛固酮释放、交感神经去甲肾上腺素释放和肌细胞纤维化[1]。血管紧张素转换酶抑制(ACEI)和血管紧张素受体阻断(ARB)已被证明可降低射血分数降低心衰(HFrEF)患者的发病率和死亡率[2-6],并被推荐用于无法服用ARNI的心衰患者[7-8]。Ang II介导的房颤有多种机制。首先,Ang II与其受体的结合导致转化生长因子(TGF)-b1的产生,从而促进心脏成纤维细胞增殖[9]。实验动物模型表明,心房比其他心腔更容易受到TGF-b1诱导的纤维化的影响[10]。其次,Ang II诱导的全身血管阻力、交感神经活性和心肌纤维化的增加导致左心房压力升高。左心房压力的升高影响心房肌细胞的动作电位,包括心房不应期的缩短,这增加了对房颤的易感性[9,11]。
最后,Ang II可能直接影响心房肌细胞电生理[9]。虽然ACEI在高血压患者中预防房颤的益处尚不明确[12],但心衰试验的二次分析提供了ACEI可预防新发房颤的证据。在一个单一中心对参加SOLVD试验的374名既往无房颤病史的患者进行的分析中,使用依那普利的患者不太可能发生新发房颤[13]。同样,一项研究在心肌梗死后左心室收缩功能障碍患者中调查曲多普利(trandolapril),发现在进入研究时窦性心律的患者中,随机分组与房颤发生率的降低有关[14]。在SOLVD试验的单独分析中,ACEI可减少导致住院和死亡的临床显著房颤[15]。
接受ARB治疗的HFrEF患者也有类似发现。在Val-HeFT试验中,4395名窦性心律患者纳入,缬沙坦组5.12%的患者发生房颤,而接受安慰剂对照组的患者为7.95%(HR=0.63)[16]。在CHARM试验的综合分析中,接受坎地沙坦治疗的患者在整个射血分数(EF)范围的随访期间发生房颤的可能性较小[17]。在大型随机对照试验的事后分析中,ACEI对房颤患者和非房颤患者的发病率和死亡率的比较有效性尚未报道。然而,CHARM项目的一项分析发现,无论注册时是否存在房颤,地沙坦都可以减少因心衰引起的心血管死亡或住院[18]。
ARNI是ARB和脑啡肽酶(Neprilysin)抑制剂的组合。一种参与缓激肽、利钠肽、Ang II和肾上腺髓质素降解的内肽酶中的奈普赖氨酸,其中一些可对抗心衰交感神经过度激活特征的有害后果[19]。在降低HFrEF患者的发病率和死亡率方面,ARNI已被证明优于ACEI[20]。钙紊乱与发生房颤相关[21],抑制了赖氨酸受体,因此可以减少钙的不当处理[22]。ARNI也可能为已经患有房颤的患者提供益处。在一项研究中,小鼠接受了快速心房起搏以模拟房颤,并随机接受ARNI治疗3周或对照。接受ARNI治疗的小鼠心房和心室重构和纤维化较少,心房难治期较长,胶原和N-末端B型利钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)水平较低[23]。
在一项对6个心衰患者(无论EF如何)进行的荟萃分析中,与依那普利或缬沙坦相比,ARNI并没有降低房颤的发生率[24]。同样,PARAGON-HF的分析发现,在入组时没有房颤病史的患者中,随机使用ARNI不会降低房颤的发病率[25]。然而,较小的研究表明,ARNI在促进房颤患者的反向心房重构方面可能有益。与缬沙坦相比,200 mg/d的ARNI治疗房颤导管消融术后,接受ARNI的患者心房减小,缬沙坦组未发现这些情况。同样,一项回顾性研究显示,在同一天接受经食道和经胸超声心动图检查的房颤患者中,接受ARNI或缬沙坦单独治疗的患者左心房收缩峰值应变、左心耳排空速度和左心耳射血分数较高,自发回声对比发生率较低。在小鼠模型中,研究人员复制了这些发现,并证明了在接受ARNI治疗的小鼠中,纤维化面积减小。在HFrEF患者中,ARNI的发病率和死亡率益处并未因PARADIGM-HF中房颤的存在而减弱[20]。同样,在PARAGON-HF试验的第二次分析中,ARNI的治疗效果未受房颤的影响[25]。
2 β-阻滞剂(BB)
某些BB可降低HFrEF的死亡率、住院率和症状负担,并与EF的改善有关[26-28]。因此,除非有禁忌症,否则建议所有HFrEF患者使用卡维地洛、琥珀酸美托洛尔和比索洛尔[7-8]。这些益处可能扩展到中等射血分数心衰(HFmrEF;EF在40%~49%)患者[29]。值得注意的是,对患有和不患有房颤的射血分数保留心力衰竭(HFpEF、EF> 50%)患者进行的研究证据表明,在HFpEF队列中,BB可能会加重症状[30-31]。在患有房颤的患者中,BB通常用于速率控制,建议用于房颤患者,无论EF如何[32-33]。
配体与β-肾上腺素能受体的结合通过G-蛋白介导的机制导致腺苷酸环化酶的激活和环磷酸腺苷(AMP)的产生。环腺苷酸激活蛋白激酶A,导致细胞内钙增加以及正性变时和变力作用。心衰的特征是交感神经系统过度激活,导致心肌β-肾上腺素能受体下调,受体与其G蛋白介导的作用脱钩。慢性BB治疗导致β-肾上腺素能受体信号密度增加和受体-G蛋白偶联的恢复[34]。BB是房颤心率控制的一线疗法[35];β阻断通过负性变时效应发挥作用,有助于心率控制。BB还可以通过许多提出的机制来预防房颤。BB可防止不良重塑并促进积极重塑,这可导致左心房压降低,而左心房压是房颤的常见诱因。同样,过度的交感神经驱动会促进心房心律失常,并受到BB的反对。刺激β肾上腺素能受体可缩短动作电位持续时间,这是房颤发生和维持的潜在触发因素,实验数据表明,BB可逆转这些变化[36]。最后,BB可以预防心房缺血和纤维化[37]。
在CAPRICORN试验中,使用卡维地洛的患者出现房颤和房颤的发生率较低[38]。一项对近12 000名患者的荟萃分析进一步支持了BB在心衰中的抗心律失常作用,该荟萃分析表明,每1 000名患者年发生的房颤事件从39例减少到28例[39]。尚不确定BB是否能减少HFmrEF和HFpEF患者的房颤。房颤的存在是否会减弱BB在HFrEF中的死亡率益处仍不确定。在一项对参加COPERNICUS、MERIT-HF、CIBIS-II和SENIORS的患者的荟萃分析中,在进入研究时,房颤患者的房颤住院率或死亡率并未降低,这表明房颤的益处仅限于窦性心律失常患者。包括来自10项随机试验的>18 000名患者的组中,BB与窦性心律失常HFrEF患者的死亡率显著降低相关(全因死亡率的HR=0.73),但与房颤患者的死亡率无关(HR=0.97)[40]。观察性研究对这些发现提出了质疑[40]。在Nielsen等[41]对房颤和HFrEF、HFmrEF或HFpEF患者进行的一项全国性队列研究中,房颤与全因死亡率的降低有关。对AF-CHF研究的二次分析发现,未接受房颤治疗的患者与接受房颤的患者倾向匹配,发现接受房颤患者的全因死亡率显著较低(HR=0.72),但住院风险较低(HR=0.886)[44]。这些不同结果的原因可能与每项研究的局限性有关。在每项荟萃分析中包括的试验中,根据入组时的单个心电图,将患者分为房颤与窦性心律。这增加了阵发性房颤患者可能被错误归类为窦性心律组的可能性。值得注意的是,在两项荟萃分析中,尽管注册研究表明房颤在>50%的心衰患者中存在,但房颤的患病率在基线时均低于20%[39,41-42]。
每项观察性研究也有重要的局限性。Nielsen等[41]的研究包括HFrEF、HFmrEF和HFpEF患者,但研究人员无法将这些患者分为不同的类别。重要的是,BB在HFrEF、HFmrEF和HFpEF患者中发挥不同程度的益处,因此这一区别很重要[26-28,30-31,43]。此外,登记处没有包括NYHA功能分类或BB剂量的数据,这两者都会影响患者的结果。Cadrin-Tourigny等[44]的研究是对AF-CHF试验的第二次分析,该试验将HFrEF和房颤患者随机分为心率或节律控制组。研究人员倾向性匹配接受BB治疗的患者和未接受BB治疗患者,以确定BB是否改善了房颤和HFrEF的结果。在倾向匹配之前,接受BB的患者更年轻,更有可能患有非缺血性心肌病,接受口服抗凝治疗,并使用植入式心律转复除颤器。这些因素中的每一个都与更好的结果有关,因此引起了人们的担忧,即使在倾向匹配之后,重复的混杂因素也会影响结果[45]。鉴于房颤和HF患者BB益处的持续不确定性,可能有必要对这一问题进行随机试验,尽管来自大型登记处的进一步数据可能有助于澄清这一问题。
3 盐皮质激素受体拮抗剂(MRA)
在心衰中,RAAS激活导致醛固酮过量释放,从而与盐皮质激素受体结合。这有许多有害后果,包括盐和水滞留、血压升高以及促炎和促纤维化途径的激活[46-47]。ACEI导致醛固酮水平的短暂降低,尽管1年后,醛固酮与基线相比有所增加[48]。在HFrEF患者中, MRA导致心衰住院和死亡的减少[49-51]。在TOP CAT试验中,MRA并没有减少HFpEF患者心血管结果、心搏骤停或心衰住院的主要复合死亡结果[52]。然而,一个亚组分析表明,仅评估来自北美和南美的数据是有益的[53],而一项事后分析表明,EF处于正常值下限的患者可能会受益[54]。在醛固酮增多症患者中,房颤的发病率显著增加,这导致了醛固酮参与房颤发病机制的假设[55]。
为了进一步阐明潜在的机制,研究人员给大鼠植入了持续输送醛固酮或非活性对照的os-momotic微型泵。8周后,在接受醛固酮输注的11/11只大鼠中,突发起搏导致房颤,而随机对照的只有2/9只大鼠(P=0.03)。在离体工作心脏中进行的体内右心和左心导管插入术和离体压力-体积回路分析没有显示各组之间心室功能或心房压力的差异。相反,电生理标测显示P波持续时间、总右心房激活时间和局部传导时间延长。组织学检查显示醛固酮组中有过量的心房成纤维细胞和间质胶原,这表明醛固酮通过心房传导和纤维化的改变为房颤提供了基质,而不会受到血液动力学变化的显著影响[56]。许多动物研究表明,MRA可减少心房纤维化和房颤[47]。在EMPHAIS-HF试验的二次分析中,与安慰剂相比,依普利酮(Eplerenone)显著降低了房颤的发生频率。同样,在研究入选时,依普利酮降低了患有和不患有房颤的患者因心血管原因死亡或因HFrEF住院的复合终点[57]。相反,在TOPCAT试验的二次分析中,螺内酯(spironolactone)并没有减少HFpEF患者的房颤事件或复发[58]。对同一试验的单独分析(仅包括从北美和南美随机分组的患者)也报告了螺内酯和安慰剂在随机化后房颤事件方面的差异。在该分析中,无论房颤状态如何,螺内酯的有益作用都会持续存在[59]。IMPRESS-AF试验将250名HFpEF和房颤患者随机分为螺内酯或安慰剂组,并发现心肺运动测试的最大耗氧量、6分钟步行时间或E/e比率没有差异。值得注意的是,螺内酯组的住院人数没有显著减少(15%比23%)[60]。在2型糖尿病和慢性肾脏疾病患者中,MRA 非奈利酮(finerenone)被证明可以减少房颤[61]和心衰[62]。非奈利酮在HFpEF患者中是否具有临床益处正在进行中的FINEARTS-HF试验中进行探讨。
4 钠-葡萄糖协同转运蛋白2抑制剂(SGLT2i)
SGLT2i可降低HFrEF、HFmrEF和HFpEF患者的心衰住院率和心血管死亡率,无论糖尿病状况如何[63-67]。SGLT2i对心衰的确切益处机制尚不清楚,但可能是多模式的。SGLT2i的利钠作用导致血管内容积和血压的降低。前负荷和后负荷的持续减少降低了曲交感神经过度活跃。它们还通过增加循环酮(一种更有效的心肌能量来源)来增加心肌能量供应,并增加红细胞生成素和血红蛋白的水平,从而改善心肌氧气供应,从而发挥作用。
此外,直接抑制心肌钠氢交换器可改善线粒体功能,减少氧化应激和心律失常。有证据表明,SGLT2i可降低交感神经活性并增加副交感神经活性[68]。心外膜脂肪组织厚度的增加与房颤的发生率和严重程度的增加有关[69]。在患有冠状动脉疾病的糖尿病患者群体中,达格列净可减少心外膜脂肪细胞体积[70]。在DECLARE-TIMI 58试验的二次分析中,随机接受达格列净治疗的患者的房颤和心房扑动事件显著减少,这一发现与基线时是否存在心衰一致[69]。相反,在接受达格列净治疗的患者中,房颤事件并未减少。尽管达格列净在心血管原因死亡或心衰住院的主要结果方面的益处,以及所有原因的死亡率和生活质量终点,在基线时有和没有房颤的患者中是一致的[71]。在EMPEROR Preserved试验中,在研究入组时没有房颤病史的HFpEF患者中,恩格列净并没有降低发生房颤的频率,但研究药物在HF住院或心血管死亡的主要假设结果方面存在有益影响,无论房颤状态如何[72]。类似的发现在DELIVER试验和DIGOXIN试验中都可以发现[73]。
结论
房颤在心衰患者中很常见,并与预后不良有关。GDMT的许多成分可以减少HF患者发生房颤的发生。在HFrEF患者中,GDMT降低发病率和死亡率,无论房颤状态如何,都会降低获益,尽管数据对BB的这一说法是否属实存在矛盾。同样,HFmrEF和HFpEF的药物治疗在患有和不患有AF的患者中保持其有益效果。研究将房颤和EF分别为40%的患者作为一个队列进行了评估。因此,尽管一些数据表明ARNI和SGLT2i在中位和保留的EF的谱中发挥不同的益处[20,74],但尚不清楚这种益处梯度是否存在于AF和HFmrEF或HFpEF患者。
专家简介
郑刚 教授
现任泰达国际心血管病医院特聘专家,济兴医院副院长
中国高血压联盟理事,中国心力衰竭学会委员,中国老年医学会高血压分会天津工作组副组长,中国医疗保健国际交流促进会高血压分会委员
天津医学会心血管病专业委员会委员,天津医学会老年病专业委员会常委,天津市医师协会高血压专业委员会常委,天津市医师协会老年病专业委员会委员,天津市医师协会心力衰竭专业委员,天津市医师协会心血管内科医师分会双心专业委员会委员,天津市心脏学会理事,天津市心律学会第一届委员会委员,天津市房颤中心联盟常委,天津市医药学专家协会第一届心血管专业委员会委员,天津市药理学会临床心血管药理专业委员会常委,天津市中西医结合学会心血管疾病专业委员会常委
《中华临床医师杂志(电子版)》特邀审稿专家,《中华诊断学电子杂志》《心血管外科杂志(电子版)》审稿专家,《华夏医学》副主编,《中国心血管杂志》常务编委,《中国心血管病研究》杂志第四届编委,《中华老年心脑血管病杂志》《世界临床药物》《医学综述》《中国医药导报》《中国现代医生》编委
本人在专业期刊和心血管网发表文章979篇,其中第一作者790篇,参加著书11部。获天津市2005年度“五一劳动奖章和奖状”和“天津市卫生行业第二届人民满意的好医生”称号
参考文献
(上下滑动可查看)
1. Schwinger RHG. Pathophysiology of heart failure. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther. 2021;11(1):263–276.
2. CONSENSUS Trial Study Group. Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure. Results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian
Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS).N Engl J Med. 1987;316(23):1429–1435.
3. SOLVD Investigators, Yusuf S, Pitt B, Davis CE,Hood WB, Cohn JN. Effect of enalapril on mortality and the development of heart failure in asymptomatic patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions. N Engl J Med.1992;327(10):685–691.
4. SOLVD Investigators, Yusuf S, Pitt B, Davis CE,Hood WB, Cohn JN. Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection
fractions and congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1991;325(5):293–302.
5. Cohn JN, Tognoni G. Valsartan Heart Failure Trial Investigators. A randomized trial of the angiotensinreceptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure.
N Engl J Med. 2001;345(23):1667–1675.
6. Pfeffer MA, Swedberg K, Granger CB, et al. Effects of candesartan on mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic heart failure: the CHARMOverall
Programme. Lancet. 2003;362(9386):759–766.
7. McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J.
2021;42(36):3599–3726.
8. Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, et al.2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;79(17):e263–e421.
9. Ehrlich JR, Hohnloser SH, Mattel S. Role of angiotensin system and effects of its inhibition in atrial fibrillation: clinical and experimental evidence.Eur Heart J. 2006;27(5):512–518.
10. He X, Gao X, Peng L, et al. Atrial fibrillation induces myocardial fibrosis through angiotensin II type 1 receptor-specificArkadia-mediateddownregulation
of Smad7. Circ Res. 2011;108(2):164–175.
11. Ravelli F, Allessie M. Effects of atrial dilatation on refractory period and vulnerability to atrial fibrillation in the isolated Langendorff-perfused rabbit heart. Circulation. 1997;96(5):1686–1695.
12. Dewland TA, Soliman EZ, Yamal JM, et al.Pharmacologic prevention of incident atrial fibrillation:long-term results from the ALLHAT (Antihypertensive
and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial). Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol.2017;10(12):e005463.
13. Vermes E, Tardif JC, Bourassa MG, et al. Enalapril decreases the incidence of atrial fibrillation in patients with left ventricular dysfunction:Insight from the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD) trials. Circulation.2003;107(23):2926–2931.
14. Pedersen OD, Bagger H, Kober L, Torp-Pedersen C. Trandolapril reduces the incidence of atrial fibrillation after acute myocardial infarction in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation.1999;100(4):376–380.
15. Alsheikh-Ali AA, Wang PJ, Rand W, et al.Enalapril treatment and hospitalization with atrial tachyarrhythmias in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Am Heart J. 2004;147(6):1061–1065.
16. Maggioni AP, Latini R, Carson PE, et al. Valsartan reduces the incidence of atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure: results from the Valsartan
Heart Failure Trial (Val-HeFT). Am Heart J.2005;149(3):548–557.
17. Ducharme A, Swedberg K, Pfeffer MA, et al.Prevention of atrial fibrillation in patients with symptomatic chronic heart failure by candesartan in the Candesartan in Heart Failure: Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and Morbidity (CHARM) Program. Am Heart J. 2006;152(1):86–92.
18. Olsson LG, Swedberg K, Ducharme A, et al. Atrial fibrillation and risk of clinical events in chronic heart failure with and without left ventricular systolic
dysfunction. results from the Candesartan in Heart Failure—Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and Morbidity (CHARM) Program. J Am Coll Cardiol.
2006;47(10):1997–2004.
19. McMurray JJV, Packer M, Desai AS, et al.Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition versus enalapril in heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(11):993–1004.
20. Solomon SD, Vaduganathan M, Claggett BL,et al. Sacubitril/valsartan across the spectrum of ejection fraction in heart failure. Circulation.
2020;141(5):352–361.
21. Dong Y, Zhai Z, Wang J, et al. Angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitor delays progression from paroxysmal to persistent atrial fibrillation. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):3140.
22. Cheng WH, Lugtu IC, Chang SL, Liu SH, Chen SA,Lo LW. Effects of angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor in arrhythmogenicity following left atrial
appendage closure in an animal model. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2021;35(4):759–768.
23. Li LYF, Lou Q, Liu GZ, et al. Sacubitril/valsartan attenuates atrial electrical and structural remodeling in a rabbit model of atrial fibrillation. Eur J Pharmacol. 2020;881:173120.
24. Liu X, Liu H, Wang L, Zhang L, Xu Q. Role of sacubitril-valsartan in the prevention of atrial fibrillation occurrence in patients with heart failure: a
systematic review and metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One. 2022;17(1):e0263131.
25. Cikes M, Planinc I, Claggett B, et al. Atrial fibrillation in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: the PARAGON-HF trial. J Am Coll Cardiol
HF. 2022;10(5):336–346.
26. The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): a randomised trial. Lancet.1999;353(9146):9–13.
27. Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF).Lancet. 1999;353(9169):2001–2007.
28. Packer M, Fowler MB, Roecker EB, et al. Effect of carvedilol on the morbidity of patients with severe chronic heart failure: results of the Carvedilol Prospective Randomized Cumulative Survival (COPERNICUS)study. Circulation. 2002;106(17):2194–2199.
29. Cleland JGF, Bunting KV, Flather MD, et al.Beta-blockers for heart failure with reduced,mid-range, and preserved ejection fraction: an individual patient-level analysis of double-blind randomized trials. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(1):26–35.
30. Palau P, Seller J, Domínguez E, et al. Effect of b-blocker withdrawal on functional capacity in heart failure and preserved ejection fraction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;78(21):2042–2056.
31. Silverman DN, Plante TB, Infeld M, et al. Association of b-blocker use with heart failure hospitalizations and cardiovascular disease mortality among patients with heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction: a secondary analysis of the TOPCAT trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(12).
32. Hindricks G, Potpara T, Dagres N, et al. 2020 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with
the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur Heart J. 2021;42(5):373–498.
33. January CT,Wann LS, Alpert JS, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J AmColl Cardiol. 2014;64(21):e1–76.
34. Flather MD, Gollop ND. Understanding mechanisms of action of beta-blockers in heart failure with reduced and preserved ejection fraction.J Am Coll Cardiol HF. 2016;4(2):150–151.
35. Michaud GF, Stevenson WG. Atrial fibrillation.N Engl J Med. 2021;384(4):353–361.
36. Kühlkamp V, Bosch R, Mewis C, Seipel L. Use of beta-blockers in atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2002;2(1):37–42.
37. Nasr IA, Bouzamondo A, Hulot JS, Dubourg O, le Heuzey JY, Lechat P. Prevention of atrial fibrillation onset by beta-blocker treatment in heart failure: a
meta-analysis. Eur Heart J. 2007;28(4):457–462.
38. McMurray J, K?ber L, Robertson M, et al.Antiarrhythmic effect of carvedilol after acute myocardial infarction: results of the Carvedilol Post-Infarct Survival Control in Left Ventricular Dysfunction (CAPRICORN) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol.2005;45(4):525–530.
39. Rienstra M, Damman K, Mulder BA, van Gelder IC, McMurray JJV, van Veldhuisen DJ. Betablockers and outcome in heart failure and atrial fibrillation. A meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol HF.2013;1(1):21–28.
40. Kotecha D, Holmes J, Krum H, et al. Efficacy of b blockers in patients with heart failure plus atrial fibrillation: an individual-patient data meta-analysis.
Lancet. 2014;384(9961):2235–2243.
41. Nielsen PB, Larsen TB, Gorst-Rasmussen A,Skj?th F, Lip GYH. b-Blockers in atrial fibrillation patients with or without heart failure: association with mortality in a nationwide cohort study. Circ Heart Fail. 2016;9(2):e002597.
42. Sartipy U, Dahlstr?m U, Fu M, Lund LH. Atrial fibrillation in heart failure with preserved, midrange,and reduced ejection fraction. J Am Coll Cardiol HF. 2017;5(8):565–574.
43. Pal N, Sivaswamy N, Mahmod M, et al. Effect of selective heart rate slowing in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Circulation.
2015;132(18):1719–1725.
44. Cadrin-Tourigny J, Shohoudi A, Roy D, et al.Decreased mortality with beta-blockers in patients with heart failure and coexisting atrial fibrillation:an AF-CHF substudy. J Am Coll Cardiol HF.2017;5(2):99–106.
45. Kotecha D, Altman DG, Rosano G, Flather MD.Observational versus randomized: sliding toward nonevidence-based medicine. J Am Coll Cardiol HF. 2017;5(5):395–396.
46. Fuller PJ, Young MJ. Mechanisms of mineralocorticoid action. Hypertension. 2005;46(6):1227–1235.
47. Parviz Y, Iqbal J, Pitt B, Adlam D, Al-Mohammad A, Zannad F. Emerging cardiovascular indications of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.
Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2015;26(4):201–211.
48. Staessen J, Lijnen P, Fagard R, Verschueren LJ,Amery A. Rise in plasma concentration of aldosterone during long-term angiotensin II suppression.
J Endocrinol. 1981;91(3):457–465.
49. Zannad F, McMurray JJV, Krum H, et al. Eplerenone in patients with systolic heart failure and mild symptoms. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(1):11–21.
50. Pitt B, Remme W, Zannad F, et al. Eplerenone,a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(14):1309–1321.
51. Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, et al. Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators.The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure.N Engl J Med. 1999;341(10):709–717.
52. Pitt B, Pfeffer MA, Assmann SF, et al.Spironolactone for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(15):1383–1392.
53. Pfeffer MA, Claggett B, Assmann SF, et al.Regional variation in patients and outcomes in the Treatment of Preserved Cardiac Function Heart Failure With an Aldosterone Antagonist (TOPCAT) trial. Circulation. 2015;131(1):34–42.
54. Solomon SD, Claggett B, Lewis EF, et al. Influence of ejection fraction on outcomes and efficacy of spironolactone in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Eur Heart J. 2016;37(5):455–462.
55. Milliez P, Girerd X, Plouin PF, Blacher J,Safar ME, Mourad JJ. Evidence for an increased rate of cardiovascular events in patients with primary
aldosteronism. J Am Coll Cardiol.2005;45(8):1243–1248.
56. Reil JC, Hohl M, Selejan S, et al. Aldosterone promotes atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J.2012;33(16):2098–2108.
57. Swedberg K, Zannad F, McMurray JJV, et al.Eplerenone and atrial fibrillation in mild systolic heart failure: results from the EMPHASIS-HF (Eplerenone in Mild Patients Hospitalization and Survival Study in Heart Failure) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59(18):1598–1603.
58. Neefs J, van den Berg NWE, Krul SPJ,Boekholdt SM, de Groot JR. Effect of spironolactone on atrial fibrillation in patientswith heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: post-hoc analysis of the randomized, placebo-controlled TOPCAT Trial. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2020;20(1):73–80.
59. Cikes M, Claggett B, Shah AM, et al. Atrial fibrillation in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: the TOPCAT trial. J Am Coll Cardiol HF.
2018;6(8):689–697.
60. Shantsila E, Shahid F, Sun Y, et al. Spironolactone in atrial fibrillation with preserved cardiac fraction: the IMPRESS-AF trial. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020;9(18):e016239.
61. Filippatos G, Bakris GL, Pitt B, et al. Finerenone reduces new-onset atrial fibrillation in patients with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;78(2):142–152.
62. Filippatos G, Anker SD, Agarwal R, et al.Finerenone reduces risk of incident heart failure in patients with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes: analyses from the FIGARO-DKD trial.Circulation. 2022;145(6):437–447.
63. Zannad F, Ferreira JP, Pocock SJ, et al. SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: a meta-analysis of the
EMPEROR-Reduced and DAPA-HF trials. Lancet. 2020;396:819–829.
64. McMurray JJV, Solomon SD, Inzucchi SE, et al.Dapagliflozin in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med.
2019;381(21):1995–2008.
65. Packer M, Anker SD, Butler J, et al. Cardiovascular and renal outcomes with empagliflozin in heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(15):1413–1424.
66. Solomon SD, McMurray JJV, Claggett B, et al.Dapagliflozin in heart failure with mildly reduced or preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med.2022;387(12):1089–1098.
67. Anker SD, Butler J, Filippatos G, et al. Empagliflozin in heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(16):1451–1461.
68. Kubota Y, Shimizu W. Clinical benefits of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and the mechanisms underlying their cardiovascular effects.
JACC Asia. 2022;2(3 Part 2):287–293.
69. Zelniker TA, Bonaca MP, Furtado RHM, et al. Effect of dapagliflozin on atrial fibrillation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: insights from
J A C C V O L . 8 3 , NO . 9 , 2 0 2 4 Newman et al MA R C H 5 , 2 0 2 4 : 9 3 2 – 9 5 0
70. Sato T, Aizawa Y, Yuasa S, et al. The effect of dapagliflozin treatment on epicardial adipose tissue volume. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2018;17(1):6.
71. Butt JH, Docherty KF, Jhund PS, et al. Dapagliflozin and atrial fibrillation in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: insights from DAPA-HF.
Eur J Heart Fail. 2022;24(3):513–525.
72. Filippatos G, Farmakis D, Butler J, et al, EMPEROR-Preserved Trial Committees and Investigators.Empagliflozin in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction with and without atrial fibrillation. Eur J Heart Fail. 2023;25(7):970–977.
73. Butt JH, Kondo T, Jhund PS, et al. Atrial fibrillation and dapagliflozin efficacy in patients with preserved or mildly reduced ejection fraction.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;80(18):1705–1717.
74. Butler J, Packer M, Filippatos G, et al. Effect of empagliflozin in patients with heart failure across the spectrum of left ventricular ejection
fraction. Eur Heart J. 2022;43(5):416–426.
声明:本文仅供医疗卫生专业人士了解最新医药资讯参考使用,不代表本平台观点。该信息不能以任何方式取代专业的医疗指导,也不应被视为诊疗建议,如果该信息被用于资讯以外的目的,本站及作者不承担相关责任。
(来源:《国际循环》编辑部)