摘要：
毛主席时期的农村大公社大集体经济是属于改造人，塑造人；改革开放后的包产到户个体单干属于调动人，顺应人！人这种高级动物不改造不行，过度改造又束缚得太过，违反了人的本性！所以顺应人性与改造人本身交替着来，正所谓分久必合，合久必分！没有大聪明与小聪明的区别，都是顺应各个时代和历史时期的实事求是的方式方法……
在历史的长河中，人类社会经历了无数次的制度变革，每一次变革都深刻地影响着人们的生活方式、思维方式和价值观念。在毛主席时期的农村，大公社大集体经济成为了一种重要的社会组织形式，它旨在通过集体化的方式，对农民进行“改造”和“塑造”，以实现社会的整体进步。而改革开放后，包产到户个体单干的模式逐渐兴起，它更多地强调“调动”和“顺应”人性，激发了个体的积极性和创造力。这两种看似截然不同的制度选择，实则都是特定历史时期实事求是、顺应时代需求的产物。
大公社大集体经济：改造与塑造的尝试
在毛主席时期，中国农村经历了从土地改革到人民公社化的深刻变革。大公社大集体经济的推行，旨在通过集体化的生产方式，实现资源的集中配置和劳动力的统一调配，以提高农业生产效率，促进农村经济的全面发展。这一过程中，农民被组织起来，共同参与集体劳动，分享集体成果。这种制度在一定程度上改变了农民的传统生产方式和思维方式，使他们更加注重集体利益，增强了社会责任感和集体荣誉感。
然而，大公社大集体经济也面临着诸多挑战。由于过度强调集体化和统一化，个体的积极性和创造性在一定程度上受到了抑制。农民在生产过程中缺乏自主权，难以根据个人能力和市场需求进行灵活调整。此外，集体化的生产方式也容易导致资源的浪费和效率的低下，特别是在缺乏有效的监督和激励机制的情况下，这些问题尤为突出。
改革开放后的包产到户：调动与顺应的实践
改革开放后，中国农村迎来了新的发展机遇。包产到户个体单干的模式逐渐取代了大公社大集体经济，成为农村经济发展的主流。这一制度变革的核心在于赋予农民更多的自主权和决策权，使他们能够根据自己的能力和市场需求进行生产安排，从而激发了个体的积极性和创造力。
包产到户的实施，使得农民在生产过程中拥有了更多的自主权，他们可以根据自己的意愿选择种植作物、养殖家禽等，也可以根据市场需求进行灵活调整。这种制度变革不仅提高了农业生产效率，也促进了农村经济的多元化发展。农民在获得经济收益的同时，也更加注重个人价值的实现和生活质量的提升。
顺应人性与改造人的平衡
回顾历史，我们可以发现，无论是大公社大集体经济还是包产到户个体单干，都是特定历史时期实事求是、顺应时代需求的产物。大公社大集体经济试图通过集体化的方式改造和塑造农民，以实现社会的整体进步；而包产到户则更多地强调调动和顺应人性，激发了个体的积极性和创造力。这两种制度选择各有利弊，关键在于如何找到顺应人性与改造人之间的平衡点。
在现实生活中，我们也可以看到这种平衡的重要性。例如，在企业管理中，过度的规章制度和严格的监督可能会抑制员工的积极性和创造力；而缺乏必要的规范和引导，则可能导致混乱和失控。因此，优秀的企业管理者需要在制定规章制度的同时，注重员工的个性发展和需求满足，实现管理与人性的和谐统一。
结语
历史的车轮滚滚向前，人类社会也在不断发展和进步。在这个过程中，我们需要不断反思和总结过去的经验教训，以更加开放和包容的心态面对未来的挑战。无论是改造人还是顺应人，关键在于找到适合特定历史时期和社会环境的制度模式，实现人与社会的和谐共生。正如古人所言：“分久必合，合久必分”，在历史的长河中，顺应人性与改造人本身交替着来，共同推动着人类社会的进步和发展。
作者简介：梁世杰 中医高年资主治医师，从事中医临床工作24年，积累了较丰富的临床经验。师从首都医科大学附属北京中医院肝病科主任医师、著名老中医陈勇，侍诊多载，深得器重，尽得真传！擅用“商汤经方分类疗法”、专病专方结合“焦树德学术思想”“关幼波十纲辨证”学术思想治疗疑难杂症为特色。现任北京厚德为怀医生集团渐冻症研究中心主任，北京树德堂中医研究院研究员，北京中医药薪火传承新3+3工程—焦树德门人（陈勇）传承工作站研究员，国际易联易学与养生专委会常务理事，中国中医药研究促进会焦树德学术传承专业委员会委员，中国药文化研究会中医药慢病防治分会首批癌症领域入库专家。荣获2020年中国中医药研究促进会仲景医学分会举办的第八届医圣仲景南阳论坛“经方名医”荣誉称号。2023年首届京津冀“扁鹊杯”燕赵医学研究主题征文优秀奖获得者。
Collective communes and household contract farming: human nature and institutional changes in the historical current
abstract
The large collective economy of the rural communes under Chairman Mao belonged to transforming people and shaping them. After the reform and opening up, individuals who contribute to household production are those who mobilize and those who respond to them. Man, a high animal, cannot be reformed without being overreformed, and overreformed and bound too much, which violates man's nature! Therefore, obedience to human nature alternates with the transformation of man himself, as it is said that a long time must be reconciled, and a long period must be divided! There is no difference between big and small cleverness. They are all ways and means to seek truth from facts in accordance with different times and historical periods.
In the long history, human society has undergone numerous institutional changes, each of which has profoundly affected people's lifestyle, way of thinking and values. In the rural areas under Chairman Mao, the large communal collective economy became an important form of social organization, which aimed to "reform" and "shape" the peasants through a collectivized approach to achieve the overall progress of society. After the reform and opening up, the model of taking production to the home and individuals going on their own has gradually emerged, which puts more emphasis on "mobilizing" and "conforming" to human nature, and has inspired individuals' enthusiasm and creativity. These two seemingly different system choices are in fact the product of the specific historical period to seek truth from facts and conform to the needs of the times.
The Greater Community, the Greater Collective Economy: An Attempt to Reinvent and Shape
Under Chairman Mao, China's rural areas underwent profound changes, from agrarian reform to the transformation of the people's communes. The promotion of large communes and large collective economies aims to achieve the centralized allocation of resources and the uniform allocation of labor force through collective production methods to improve the efficiency of agricultural production and promote the comprehensive development of the rural economy. In this process, farmers are organized to participate in the collective labor and share the collective results. To a certain extent, this system has changed the traditional production methods and thinking methods of farmers, making them more focused on collective interests, and enhancing their sense of social responsibility and collective honor.
However, the large commune collective economy also faces many challenges. Due to the excessive emphasis on collectivization and unification, individual motivation and creativity are suppressed to a certain extent. Farmers lack autonomy in the production process, and it is difficult to make flexible adjustments according to individual capabilities and market needs. Moreover, collectivized modes of production tend to lead to wasteful and inefficient resources, especially in the absence of effective oversight and incentive mechanisms.
Bringing produce to households after reform and opening up: a practice of mobilization and responsiveness
After reform and opening up, China's rural areas have seen new development opportunities. The model of contracted production to households and individuals doing their own work gradually replaced the large commune collective economy and became the mainstream of rural economic development. At the heart of this institutional change lies in giving farmers more autonomy and decision-making power, enabling them to make production arrangements according to their abilities and market needs, thus stimulating individual initiative and creativity.
The implementation of packaged production to households has allowed farmers to have more autonomy in the production process, and they can choose to grow crops, raise poultry, etc. according to their wishes, and can also make flexible adjustments according to market demand. This institutional change not only improves the efficiency of agricultural production, but also promotes the diversification of the rural economy. While reaping economic benefits, farmers also pay more attention to the realization of personal value and the improvement of the quality of life.
Balance between conformity to humanity and transforming people
Looking back on the history, we can find that whether it is the big commune collective economy or the household contract, it is the product of the specific historical period to seek truth from facts and conform to the needs of the times. The large commune collective economy attempts to transform and shape the peasants in a collectivized way to achieve the overall progress of society; While packaged delivery to the home puts more emphasis on mobilization and responsiveness to humanity, which stimulates the motivation and creativity of individuals. Each of these system choices has advantages and disadvantages, and the key is how to find the balance between being human and transforming the human person.
In real life, we can also see the importance of this balance. In business management, for example, excessive regulations and strict oversight may inhibit employee motivation and creativity; The lack of necessary norms and guidance can lead to confusion and out of control. Therefore, good enterprise managers need to pay attention to the personality development and needs of employees while formulating regulations, so as to achieve harmony between management and human nature.
epilogue
The wheels of history are rolling forward, and human society is constantly developing and progressing. In this process, we need to constantly reflect on and take stock of the lessons of the past to face the challenges of the future with a more open and inclusive mindset. Whether it is transforming people or adapting them, the key lies in finding institutional models suitable for specific historical periods and social circumstances to achieve harmonious coexistence between people and society. As the ancient people said, "In a long period of time, there must be harmony, and in a long time of harmony there must be division." In the long history, conformity to human nature and transformation of man himself alternated, jointly promoting the progress and development of human society.
Author Bio: Liang Shijie is a senior medical practitioner in traditional Chinese medicine. He has been engaged in traditional medicine clinical work for 24 years and has accumulated a wealth of clinical experience. Following Chen Yong, chief physician of liver disease at Beijing Traditional Medicine Hospital, affiliated with Capital Medical University, and renowned old Chinese medicine, he has been treated for many years and received great attention. He specializes in the treatment of difficult diseases using "conversational traditional therapy" and special treatments combined with the academic ideas of Jiao Shude and Guan Yubo's ten-level diagnosis.He is currently the director of the Center for Diffusion Research of Dr. Houde Wei Group in Beijing, a researcher at the Shude Tang Institute of Chinese Medicine, and a fellow at the new 3 + 3 project of traditional Chinese medicine flame inheritance in Beijing - a scholar at the inheritance work station of Jiao Shude's protégés (Chen Yong),He is a standing committee member of the International Expert Committee on E-learning and Health Care, a member of the Jiao Shude Academic Heritage Special Committee of the Chinese Association for the Advancement of Chinese Medicine Research, and the first cancer specialist to be included in the chapter of the Chinese Pharmaceutical Culture Research Association. Won the 2020 China Association for the Promotion of Traditional Chinese Medicine Zhongjing Medical Branch held the eighth session of the Medical Saint Zhongjing Nanyang Forum "Classic Prescription Famous Doctor" honorary title. The winner of the first Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei "Pingui Cup" Yanzhao Medical Research Essay Award in 2023.
