英语语法简单学:独立主格

香课程 2024-06-22 19:41:36

【上期回顾】

【本期内容】

一、内容纲要

二、内容简述

(一)定义

独立主格结构是英语语法中的一个概念,它指的是一种特殊的短语结构,这种结构不是句子,没有真正的主语和谓语动词,但又在逻辑上构成主谓或主表关系,在句子中可以作为一个独立的成分使用。

需要注意的是,虽然叫做独立主格结构,并它不是真正的独立,它还是一种从属成分,在句中通常起状语作用。

(二)构成方式

独立主格常见的构成方式有:

1、名词+现在分词,如:

We shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting.

明天假设天气好,我们就进行比赛。

2、名词/代词+过去分词,如:

The job finished, we went home.

工作结束后我们就回家了。

3、名词/代词+不定式,如:

So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed.

有如此多的人来帮助他,他一定会成功的。

4、名词/代词+介词短语,如:

A girl came in, book in hand.

一个少女进来了,手里拿着书。

5、名词/代词+形容词或副词,如:

He sat in the front row, his mouth half open.

他坐在前排,嘴半开着。

Nobody in, the thief took a lot of things away.

没人在家,贼偷走了很多东西。

6、There being+名词/代词,如:

There being nothing else to do, we went home.

没有别的事可做,我们就回家了。

7、It being+名词/代词,如:

It being a holiday, all the shops were shut.

由于今天是假日,所有商店都关门了。

8、名词/代词+名词,如:

He fought the wolf, a stick his only weapon.

他和狼搏斗着,唯一的武器是一根棍棒。

(三)状语功能

独立主格常在主句中充当以下状语成分:

1、时间状语,如:

The meeting being over, all of us went home.

上句中的独立主格结构the meeting being over,相当于时间状语从句when the meeting was over。

2、原因状语,如:

There being no taxis, we had to walk.

上句中的独立主格结构There being no taxis,相当于原因状语从句Since there were no taxis。

3、条件状语,如:

The condition being favorable, he may succeed.

上句中的独立主格结构the condition being favorable,相当于条件状语从句If the condition is favorable。

4、伴随状语,如:

Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all.

上句中的独立主格结构silver being the best of all,相当于并列句and silver is the best of all,对前句进行补充说明。

(四)being的省略与否

不能省略being或having been的情况有:

(1)独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时,如:

It being Sunday, we went to church.

因为是星期天,我们去了做礼拜。

(2)在“There being+名词”的结构中,如:

There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.

因为没有公共汽车,所以我们不得不步行回家。

(3)当独立主格结构中 being done 表示“正在被做时”,being不可省略,如:

The fish being cooked, he gave her a call.

煮着鱼时,他给她打了个电话。

(五)特殊情况

在“名词/代词+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中,一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词,如:

Miss Smith entered theroom, book in hand.

史密斯小姐走进了课室,手里拿着一本书。

试比较由with引导的复合结构,如:

Miss Smith entered theroom, with a book in her hand.

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