英语语法简单学:虚拟语气

香课程 2024-06-28 17:01:22

【上期回顾】

【本期内容】

一、内容纲要

二、内容简述

(一)定义

英语中的语气分为陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气、疑问语气和感叹语气五类。

虚拟语气是说话者用来表示假设,或难以实现的情况,而非客观存在的事实,所陈述的内容不一定是事实,甚至完全与事实相反。

此外,有时要表达主观愿望或某种强烈的感情时,也可用虚拟语气。

虚拟语气主要是通过谓语动词的形式变化来表达的。

(二)名词性从句中的虚拟语气

1、当主句谓语动词表示建议、要求、命令、敦促、坚持、提议、指示、安排等时,其宾语从句的谓语动词常采用虚拟语气,且采用的是“should+do”的形式,should可省略。如:

He insisted that I (should) go with them.

他坚持要我同他们一起去。

He ordered that it (should) be sent back.

他命令把它送回去。

I suggest that we (should) have lunch right now.

我建议我们现在就吃午饭。

He demands that John (should) go there at once.

他要求约翰立即到那里去。

I move that we (should) accept the proposal.

我提议通过这项提案。

2、当主句中含有表必要性、重要性等形容词或分词时,其主语从句中的谓语动词常采用虚拟语气,且采用的是“should+do”的形式,should可以省略。如:

It's vital that you make a decision right now .

你立刻就做决定是至关重要的。

It is necessary that he (should) be sent to hospital.

把他送到医院是必要的。

It is strange that such a person should be our friend.

奇怪的是这样一个人会成为我们的朋友。

(三)定语从句中的虚拟语气

在句型“It is/was (high/about) time that +定语从句”中,从句的谓语动词一般采用过去式或“should+do”,且should不可以省略。如:

It is (high) time that we should go to school.

It is (about) time that we went to school.

我们该上学了。

(四)状语从句中的虚拟语气

此时,主要是指在条件状语从句中,如果所做的假设不符合事实,或与事实相反,则其主从句的谓语动词都要采用虚拟语气的形式。根据其针对的时间不同,其主从句的谓语动词的形式会作不同的变化,如下表:

从句谓语动词

主句谓语动词

现在时间

一般过去时(其中be一般采用were)

情态动词或助动词+do

将来时间

were to do或should do

情态动词或助动词+do

过去时间

过去完成时

情态动词或助动词+have done

如:

If I had any money with me,I could lend you some.

如果我带钱了,我就会借给你些。

If I were you,I would take an umbrella.

如果我是你,我会带把伞。

If he should come here tomorrow,I would talk to him.

如果他明天来这儿的话,我就跟他谈谈。

If I had got there earlier,I would have met her.

如果我早到那儿,我就会见到她。

【注意】

1、在实际使用过程中,也会出现主从句针对的是不同时间的假设,此时其主从句就要根据实际针对的时间采用相应的形式变化,这种情况被称作错综或混合虚拟条件句。如:

If I had worked hard at school,I would be an engineer now.

如果我当时在学校学习刻苦的话,我现在就是一个工程师了。

2、此外,有时所做的假设并没有通过if来引导,而是暗含在其他成分里,这种情况被称作含蓄虚拟条件句。如:

But for his help,we would be working now.

要不是他的帮助,我们还会在工作呢。

I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have come to help you.

我那天很忙。否则我会来帮你的。

3、在for fear that、in case、lest引导的目的状语从句中,有时也会采用虚拟语气,其从句谓语动词的形式为:should+ do,should一般不省略。如:

She examined the door again for fear that a thief should come in.

她又把门检查了一遍,以防盗贼的进入。

He started out earlier lest he should be late.

他早早地就出发了以防迟到。

(五)特殊情况

1、当表达愿望(wish引导的宾语从句中)时,要注意其具体用法:

1)若要表示与现在事实相反的愿望,从句谓语用一般过去时,be动词用were,如:

We wish he didn’t smoke.

我们希望他不吸烟。

I wish he were in my favour.

我希望他站在我这边。

2)若表示与过去事实相反的愿望,从句谓语用过去完成时had done,如​:

I wished I hadn't spent so much money.

​但愿我没有花这么多钱。

3)若表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望,用“would (could)+动词原形”,如​:

I wish the train would come.

我希望火车将会来。

2、倒装句

1)表达祝愿时,常采用倒装结构,如:

May you success!

祝你成功!

2)虚拟条件句有时会采用倒装结构,如:

If it had not been for your help, we would have failed the test.

如果不是因为你的帮助,我们就不会通过考试了。

上句中的If it had not been for your help,可以改为:

Had it not been for your help

3、would rather、had rather、would sooner等之后的宾语从句常采用虚拟语气,来表达与客观事实不相符的一种愿望,其基本用法为:

1)针对现在或将来时间:were或did,如:

I'd rather you were here now.

我倒想你现在在这儿。

We'd rather you went there tomorrow.

我们倒想你明天去那儿。

2)针对过去时间:had done,如:

I'd rather you had seen the film yesterday.

我倒想你昨天看过了这场电影。

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