【上期回顾】

【本期内容】

一、内容纲要

二、内容简述

（一）语态的分类

英语中的动词在使用中，有主动语态和被动语态之分。当句子的主语为施动者时，为主动语态；当句子的主语为受动者时，为被动语态。

（二）两个概念

要想掌握被动语态的用法，就要先了解两个基本概念，即施动者和受动者。

所谓施动者，是指动作的发出者，即执行动作的人或物。

所谓受动者，是指动作的承受者，即承受动作的人或物。

如：

He broke the window just now.

该句中的he就是施动者，the window就是受动者。

（三）构成方式

被动语态的基本构成方式为：

受动者+be done by+施动者。其中，施动者如果原来是代词，改为被动语态后，需要注意改为宾格形式；be动词需要根据动作发生的时间和状态改为相应的形式。如：

The window was broken by him just now.

（四）时态变化

被动语态的时态变化，是体现在be动词的变化上的。原则上，英语中有多少种时态，被动语态中的be就有多少种变化。常见的时态变化如下：

现在进行时：A book is being read by her now.

一般现在时：A book is read by her every week.

一般过去时：A book was read by her last week.

一般将来时：A book will be read by her next week.

现在完成时：A book has been read by her already.

过去进行时：A book was being read by her this time last week.

过去完成时：A book had been ready by her before last week.

（五）与情态动词的连用

这是指be动词前可能还会出现情态动词，如：

The watch can be repaired by him this afternoon.

The chair must have been broken by the boy the day before.

（六）be done to do

英语中有些动词会后接宾语和宾语补足语，改为被动之后，就会称为be done to do的结构。如：

主动：The girl asked him to return her book in two days.

被动：He was asked to return her book in two days (by her).

【注意】

注意对比下面的情况：

主动：People say that he is a spy.

被动1：He is said to be a spy.

被动2：It is said that he is a spy.

其中的，第2种被动情况，在实际使用中较为常见，一般为“据...”的表达。如：

It is reported that the president will visit our school next month.

It is believed that she is sure to win the race.

（七）双宾动词的被动

含有双宾动词的句子往往可以改为两种被动结构。如：

主动：They gave me some books last Monday.

被动1：I was given some books by them last Monday.

被动2：Some books were given to me by them last Monday.

再比如：

主动：He will buy her a new dress tomorrow.

被动1：She will be bought a new dress by him tomorrow.

被动2：A new dress will be bought for her by him tomorrow.

【注意】

当双宾动词中的表物的直接宾语作为受动者时，改为被动结构时，要在表人的间接宾语前面加上to或for。

（八）主动把表被动

英语中有些情况下，形式上主动的句子，表达的却是被动的含义，这一般出现在当谓语部分是用来描述主语的性质或状态时。如：

The dress washes easily.

这条裙子很好洗。

The book sold well.

这本书卖得很好。