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共同应对气候变化，关注全球能源转型。

近期，能联社与来自印尼能源主管部门、科研院所的相关人士展开了对谈，深入了解当地能源转型的成果、进程、挑战及未来需求、展望，希望可为东南亚乃至更多亚洲国家之间开展合作提供有益参考，共同助力亚洲地区的能源转型。本期推出系列文章之三Indonesia's Energy Transition: Overcoming Challenges and Seizing Opportunities，以飨读者。

Indonesia, one of the world's largest coal-producing countries, has committed to reducing its reliance on fossil fuels in the coming years. The country has vast potential for renewable energy generation through solar, hydropower, geothermal, and wind sources. However, the International Renewable Energy Agency estimates that only about 12% of this potential is currently utilized.

印度尼西亚是全世界最大的煤炭生产国之一，也是东南亚最大的天然气供应国之一，其能源利用至今仍高度依赖化石燃料。随着全球应对气候变化行动加速推进，印尼也站到了一个关键十字路口——能源转型以及发展可再生能源不再是一道选择题，而是迫在眉睫的必然项。为了实现转型，印尼不仅需面对复杂的经济、政策等挑战，还要想办法充分挖掘自身丰富的清洁能源潜力。

The Energy Shift Institute, a leading think tank specializing in energy transition and climate change, has been closely monitoring Indonesia's progress in renewable energy adoption and coal reduction. Recently, a spokesperson from the institute provided insights into the country’s energy transition, outlining both the challenges and opportunities ahead.

作为一家独立的非营利性智库机构，能源转型研究所（Energy Shift Institute，ESI）专注于研究亚洲地区能源转型与气候变化相关议题，致力于为亚洲实现可持续能源未来提供战略支持。该机构长期密切关注印尼在可再生能源发展、煤炭减排等方面的进展。近日，该机构相关负责人就印尼能源转型发表了自己的观点，重点分析了转型所面临的挑战与蕴藏的机遇。

The Challenges of Coal Dependency

挑战因依赖煤炭而起

Coal remains the backbone of Indonesia’s energy system, accounting for a significant share of power generation. The government’s policy of capping domestic coal prices has entrenched this dependence, making it difficult for renewable energy sources to compete on a level playing field. While the price cap stabilizes energy costs, it also discourages the adoption of cleaner alternatives such as solar, wind, and geothermal power.

目前，煤炭产业依然是印尼能源体系的支柱，煤炭供应在电力生产中占据着绝对比例。该国政府对国内煤炭价格实行限价政策（即限制煤价上限），进一步加深了其对煤炭使用的依赖，无形中也使可再生能源难以在公平的市场环境中与煤炭竞争。虽说设定价格上限有助于稳定本国能源成本，却也抑制了太阳能、风能、地热能等清洁能源的推广应用。

Another major challenge is the overdevelopment of coal-fired power plants by the state utility company. Many of these plants are bound by long-term contracts, requiring continued public and government funding despite their environmental impact. The domestic coal price cap further shields coal power from competition, creating an uneven market for renewable energy. Additionally, Indonesia’s archipelagic geography presents logistical hurdles in connecting islands to a unified grid, exacerbating the difficulty of transitioning to clean energy.

另一大主要挑战源自印尼国有电力公司对燃煤电站的过度开发。受到签订长期合同的约束，许多电站即便会对环境造成影响，却依然能够持续依赖公共及政府资金支持。加上该国的煤炭价格上限政策在很大程度上保护了煤电行业，帮助其免受市场竞争冲击，从而导致可再生能源在市场中处于不利地位。

此外，印尼作为一个群岛国家，其地理结构还带来了电网互联方面的现实障碍，进一步加大了该国向清洁能源转型的难度。

Untapped Renewable Energy Potential

可再生能源潜力待挖

Despite these challenges, Indonesia possesses vast, underutilized renewable energy resources. The country is rich in solar, geothermal, and wind energy, yet investment in clean energy has stagnated over the past six years. While the commercial and industrial sectors have embraced rooftop solar installations, large-scale deployment across industries and public infrastructure has been slow.

在面临诸多挑战的同时，印尼拥有大量尚未开发的可再生能源资源。该国在太阳能、地热能和风能资源上的储量丰富，具备发展清洁能源的巨大潜力。但可惜的是，在过去六年中，清洁能源领域投资近乎陷入停滞。尽管商业和工业等部分领域已尝试采用屋顶光伏系统，但在更多行业及公共基础设施中的大规模推广利用，进展依然缓慢。

One critical sector requiring cleaner energy solutions is Indonesia’s metal smelting industry, which remains heavily dependent on fossil fuels. Without stronger policy support and investment in green energy infrastructure, this sector will struggle to transition to more sustainable operations.

例如，金属冶炼行业是印尼亟需实施清洁能源解决方案的关键领域之一，该行业目前仍高度依赖化石燃料。如若一直缺乏更有力的政策支持和绿色能源基础设施投资，该行业很难实现可持续的能源转型目标。

Reframing the Energy Transition

as an Economic Opportunity

能源转型可视为经济机遇

Indonesia has pledged to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050, moving its target forward by a decade. This accelerated timeline presents both challenges and opportunities. To drive meaningful change, the country must reframe the energy transition not as a burden requiring state subsidies but as an economic growth engine capable of attracting investment and createing high-quality jobs.

当前，印尼已承诺到2050年实现净零排放，该目标较原计划提前了十年。时间进程加速，既带来了挑战，也创造了机遇。为了推动实质性变革，印尼应该将能源转型定义为一大经济增长引擎，而不止是依赖政府补贴的负担。通过这种转变，让该国的能源转型既足以吸引投资，还能创造高质量的就业机会。

One promising initiative is the establishment of green industrial zones, which could showcase the viability of renewables in powering industrial development while fostering a more sustainable economy.By positioning the energy transition as an economic opportunity, Indonesia can build broader public and private sector support for its clean energy goals.

一个值得关注的前景产业是绿色工业园区。通过建设这些园区，既可以证明与展示可再生能源在推动工业绿色低碳发展的可行性，也能真正促进更可持续的经济发展。把能源转型视为一种经济机遇，印尼以此还能向更多公共和私营部门争取对清洁能源目标的支持。

Learning from China's Enery Transition

借鉴中国能源转型经验

In 2024, Putra Adhiguna, Executive Director of the Energy Shift Institute, visited China’s Shanxi Province to study the region’s energy transition. Reflecting on his visit, he said, “I gained valuable insights into China’s approach to transforming its coal industry. In Shanxi, we saw a strong spirit of innovation. China views the transition not just as a challenge but as an opportunity, and that perspective has been very inspiring for us.”

2024年，能源转型研究所（ESI）执行主任Putra Adhiguna曾到中国山西实地走访，学习该省积极推行能源转型的举措及成效。在回顾此次访问时，他表示：“我从中获得了中国煤炭行业转型的宝贵经验。在山西，我们看到了积极的创新精神。中国不只将能源转型当作挑战，更将其视为一种机遇，这种观点对我们的启发很大。”

China’s experience offers valuable lessons for Indonesia. By leveraging its existing industrial base, China has successfully used conventional energy infrastructure as a launchpad for building a green economy and creating new jobs. Strengthening collaboration between Indonesia and China could accelerate both countries’ transitions, particularly by fostering green industrial champions that can lead the way in clean energy innovation.

在Putra Adhiguna看来，中国经验为印尼提供了重要的借鉴。中国充分利用其既有工业基础，将传统能源基础设施作为发展绿色经济和创造就业岗位的支撑，带动能源转型取得了显著成效。加强与中国之间的合作，尤其是在培育绿色领军企业、推动清洁能源创新等方面发挥关键作用，有望帮助印尼加快能源转型进程。

The Path Forward

展望

Indonesia’s energy transition is still in its early stages. However, with abundant renewable resources, increasing government support, and growing international partnerships, the country has a strong foundation for progress. To achieve its carbon neutrality goals, Indonesia must address financial, policy, and technical challenges. The most important aim should be to open up project opportunities in the near-term as investors. With the right strategies in place, the country has the potential to emerge as a leader in the global renewable energy market—driving both economic growth and environmental sustainability.

总体来说，印尼能源转型仍处于起步阶段。凭借丰富的可再生能源资源、日益增强的政府支持以及不断深化的国际合作，该国具备良好的转型基础。但也要认识到，为了实现碳中和目标，印尼面临着金融、政策、技术等多方面挑战。当务之急是在短期内尽快释放更多项目的合作机会。只要制定并落实切实可行的转型战略，印尼有希望、有潜力在全球可再生能源市场中脱颖而出，成为引领经济增长与环境可持续发展的一股新兴力量。