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共同应对气候变化，关注全球能源转型。
近期，能联社与来自印尼能源主管部门、科研院所的相关人士展开了对谈，深入了解当地能源转型的成果、进程、挑战及未来需求、展望，希望可为东南亚乃至更多亚洲国家之间开展合作提供有益参考，共同助力亚洲地区的能源转型。本期推出系列文章之二，以飨读者。
Indonesia, one of the world's largest coal-producing countries, has committed to reducing its reliance on fossil fuels in the coming years. The country has vast potential for renewable energy generation through solar, hydropower, geothermal, and wind sources. However, the International Renewable Energy Agency estimates that only about 12% of this potential is currently utilized.
印尼作为全球最大的产煤国之一，现已承诺在未来几年减少对化石燃料的依赖。该国在太阳能、水电、地热能和风能等可再生能源的发展方面有着巨大潜力，但据国际可再生能源署估计，其中仅约12%的资源潜力得到了有效利用。
What progress has Indonesia made in its energy transition, and what challenges remain? Fabby Tumiwa, Executive Director of the Institute for Essential Services Reform (IESR) shares insights. IESR, an independent think tank based in Jakarta, Indonesia, focuses on promoting a sustainable energy transition through research, policy advocacy, and capacity building.
目前，印尼能源转型已取得哪些进展，仍面临哪些挑战？围绕关键问题，来自基础服务改革研究所（IESR）的执行主管Fabby Tumiwa，分享了自己的看法。IESR是一家总部位于印尼雅加达的智库，长期致力于通过专业研究、政策倡导和能力建设推动可持续的能源转型。
Indonesia has set an ambitious target to achieve net-zero emissions by 2060 or sooner, aligning its climate policies with this goal. While discussions about accelerating this timeline to 2050 are ongoing, they have not been yet reflected in official policies. The power sector is the primary focus of these discussions, but achieving a net-zero target will require substantial international support. As a developing country, Indonesia must secure climate finance and technical assistance to facilitate a faster transition. Experts suggest that with adequate funding, Indonesia could significantly accelerate its decarbonization efforts.
专家表示，印尼已设定到2060年、甚至更早实现净零排放的目标，并将应对气候变化政策与这一目标相衔接。关于是否将这一时间表提前至2050年的讨论，目前仍在进行，尚未反映在官方政策中，电力行业减排则是讨论的一大焦点。与此同时，实现净零排放目标离不开大量的国际合作及支持。作为一个发展中国家，印尼渴望争取气候融资和技术援助。若能获得足够的资金支持，该国有望加快脱碳进程。
Balancing Fossil Fuels and Renewables
化石能源与新能源之平衡
Despite efforts to expand renewable energy, Indonesia remains heavily dependent on fossil fuels, particularly coal. The country’s policy landscape reflects both progress and contradictions. Presidential Regulation 112/2022 aims to accelerate renewable energy development by reforming electricity tariffs, streamlining procurement processes, and imposing a moratorium on new coal-fired power plants—though with certain exceptions. However, a recent amendment to the mining law in February 2025 a "priority" scheme allowing mining concessions to religious groups, complicating the energy transition.
在争取推广可再生能源利用的同时，印尼实际上却仍严重依赖化石燃料，特别是煤炭。专家指出，国家政策既反映了减碳进展，同时也存在着矛盾。比如，印尼第112/2022号总统令提出，通过电价调整等电力改革、简化采购流程、对新建燃煤电厂实行暂停令（但有一定例外）等方式，加大对可再生能源发展的支持。然而，2025年2月对矿业法的最新修订却引入一项“优先”方案，允许将矿业特许权授予宗教团体，无形中却使得能源转型更为复杂。
Indonesia’s emissions trajectory remains on the rise, suggesting that current policies are insufficient to meet the 1.5°C global warming limit under the Paris Agreement. Nevertheless, promising developments include the 2024 update to the Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP), which expands investment areas to energy efficiency and electrification while incorporating off-grid coal emissions into technical modeling. Additionally, the National Electricity Plan, enacted in October 2024, projects that emissions from the power sector will peak by 2035. However, due to continued coal expansion for ore-processing industries, emissions could triple before they start to decline.
印尼碳排放依然呈上升趋势，这一现实背后也表明，现行政策不足以满足《巴黎协定》所设定的1.5°C目标。为降低排放，2024年更新的“公正能源转型伙伴关系”协议（JETP，注-该协议于2022年11月在20国集团会议上达成），将投资领域进一步扩至能源效率和电气化，并将离网煤炭排放纳入技术建模。此外，据2024年10月实施的《国家电力计划》预计，电力部门产生的排放将在2035年达到峰值。而因矿石加工业用煤量增加，排放在开始下降之前可能会增长三倍。
Key Challenges in Indonesia’s Energy Transition
能源转型的关键挑战
Indonesia faces several structural barriers in its pursuit of an energy transition, including over-reliance on fossil fuels to provide affordable electricity and meet growing energy demand, regulatory hurdles in renewable energy procurement and development, and high emissions from captive power plants.
专家认为，印尼在能源转型过程中面临着多重结构性障碍，包括过度依赖化石燃料，需求增长与可负担能源之间的矛盾，可再生能源采购、开发层面的监管阻碍，以及自备电厂排放量偏高等问题。
To address these challenges, the Indonesian government has introduced policies such as the National Energy Policy (KEN), the National Energy Plan (RUEN), and the National Electricity General Plan (RUKN), all of which set renewable energy targets.Just energy transition and green economic development have also stated as one of the national priority on the Indonesia’s National Long-Term and Medium-Term Development Plans (RPJPN & RPJMN). Additionally, Presidential Regulation 98/2021 establishes carbon pricing mechanisms to support greenhouse gas emission reductions. However, experts highlight several areas needing further action:
为了应对挑战，印尼政府已出台一系列支持政策，例如《国家能源政策》（KEN）、《国家能源规划》（RUEN）以及《国家电力总规划》（RUKN）等，这些政策均设定了可再生能源发展的相关目标。此外，2021年98号总统令还建立了碳定价机制，以支持温室气体减排。公正的能源转型与绿色经济发展也已被列为印度尼西亚国家长期和中期发展规划（国家长期发展规划和国家中期发展规划）中的国家优先事项之一。在此基础上，专家认为仍有进一步强化行动的空间，包括：
Legislating the New and Renewable Energy Bill, which would provide a clearer regulatory framework for renewable energy and improve the investment climate.
通过新能源与可再生能源的相关立法，为可再生能源提供更明确的监管框架，并改善投资环境；
Expanding international support, not just in climate finance but also in capacity building and technical assistance to address resource limitations.
争取更多的国际合作及支持，除了气候融资方面，同时包括能力建设、技术援助等，从而助推解决资源制约等问题；
Energy subsidy reform, which would help level the playing field for renewable energy by reducing the financial advantages of fossil fuels.
推动有力的能源补贴改革，通过减少对化石燃料的财务支持，为可再生能源发展创造更公平的竞争环境。
Lessons from China and Opportunities
for Collaboration
向中国学习更多经验
China’s rapid advancement in clean energy offers valuable lessons for Indonesia. Key takeaways include strong policy commitments, such as China’s dual carbon goals (peaking emissions before 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality before 2060), massive investments in renewable infrastructure, driving down costs for solar and wind energy, focus on energy efficiency, particularly in industrial and building sectors, and active engagement with private sector investors to fund and develop clean energy projects.
在转型进程中，国际合作不可或缺。专家提出，中国在清洁能源领域的进展与成就，可为印尼能源转型提供诸多宝贵经验。例如，以“双碳”目标为代表的强有力政策支撑，通过资金支持可再生能源发展以带动用能成本降低，对工业、建筑等重点领域的能率关注，与民营投资者合作开发清洁能源项目等。
Indonesia and China have significant potential for collaboration in several areas, including:
专家还表示，印尼和中国在多个领域具有值得关注的合作潜力，包括：
Renewable energy infrastructure development: Expanding solar and wind power plants, smart grids, and battery storage system.
可再生能源项目建设，如光伏发电、风能发项目，以及智能电网、电池储能系统等；
Industrial Decarbonization: Transitioning captive coal-fired power plants to low emission alternatives, improving energy efficiency, and establishing a green supply chain.
工业脱碳，比如推动自备煤电厂使用低排放替代能源，提升能源效率，建立绿色供应链；
Renewable energy component industries: Strengthening local manufacturing for solar PV and other clean energy technologies.
打造可再生能源产业链，加强本地制造能力，以及光伏组件等清洁能源生产技术；
Sustainable financing: Indonesia’s energy transition will require and estimated $30–40 billion in annual investment by 2050. Attracting international financing will be critical to achieving this target.
可持续融资，预计到2050年，印尼每年需要约300亿到400亿美元的投资支持转型，国际融资十分关键。
Indonesia stands at a pivotal moment in its energy transition. While policies and initiatives have laid the groundwork for decarbonization, significant challenges remain. Achieving a successful transition will depend on stronger policy implementation, increased international support, and a more competitive renewable energy market. By learning from global leaders like China and fostering strategic partnerships, Indonesia can accelerate its shift toward a sustainable, low-carbon future.
总之，印尼正处于能源转型的关键时期。虽说政策和举措为脱碳奠定了一定的基础，实际进程仍面临着重大挑战。成功实现转型，离不开更强有力的政策执行力、更具竞争力的可再生能源市场以及国际合作支持等。通过向中国这样的全球领先者学习，并积极促进战略合作，可助力印尼加速转向可持续的低碳未来。
