齐鲁晚报·齐鲁壹点记者 王娟 王晓莹 绘画 徐进 实习生 徐玉婷 张雅瑄 康云霞

谋攻篇 Attack by Stratagem

【原文】

孙子曰：凡用兵之法，全国为上，破国次之；全军为上，破军次之；全旅为上，破旅次之；全卒为上，破卒次之；全伍为上，破伍次之。是故百战百胜，非善之善者也；不战而屈人之兵，善之善者也。

故上兵伐谋，其次伐交，其次伐兵，其下攻城。攻城之法为不得已。修橹轒辒，具器械，三月而后成；距堙，又三月而后已。将不胜其忿而蚁附之，杀士卒三分之一，而城不拔者，此攻之灾也。故善用兵者，屈人之兵而非战也，拔人之城而非攻也，毁人之国而非久也，必以全争于天下，故兵不顿而利可全，此谋攻之法也。

故用兵之法，十则围之，五则攻之，倍则分之，敌则能战之，少则能逃之，不若则能避之。故小敌之坚，大敌之擒也。

夫将者，国之辅也。辅周则国必强，辅隙则国必弱。

故君之所以患于军者三：不知军之不可以进而谓之进，不知军之不可以退而谓之退，是谓縻军；不知三军之事而同三军之政者，则军士惑矣。三军既惑且疑，则诸侯之难至矣，是谓乱军引胜。

故知胜有五：知可以战与不可以战者胜；识众寡之用者胜；上下同欲者胜；以虞待不虞者胜；将能而君不御者胜。此五者，知胜之道也。

故曰：知彼知己，百战不殆；不知彼而知己，一胜一负；不知彼，不知己，每战必殆。

【译文】

孙子说：用兵打仗的原则是，迫使敌人举国降服为上策，攻破敌国就差些；迫使敌人全“军”降服为上策，击破敌“军”就差些；迫使敌人全“旅”降服为上策，击破敌人的“旅”就差些；迫使敌人全“卒”降服为上策，击破敌人的“卒”就差些；迫使敌人全“伍”降服为上策，击破敌人的“伍”就差些。因此，百战百胜，不算是高明的将帅；不经交战而能使敌人屈服才是最高明的将帅。

所以用兵作战的上策是用智谋挫败敌人，其次是挫败敌人的外交，再其次是以武力打败敌人的军队；下策是攻打敌人的城池(营垒、关隘等要塞在内)。攻城是不得已而采取的办法。制造攻城用的大盾、轒轀车，准备所有的攻城器械，需三个月才能完成；修筑攻城用的土山，又需三个月；如果主将控制不住焦躁情绪，命令士兵爬墙攻城，以致官兵伤亡达三分之一，城池却攻不下来，这便是攻城带来的灾难。所以善于指挥打仗的主将，迫使敌军屈服而不是直接交战，占领敌城而不是靠强攻，攻破敌国而不是靠久战，一定要用自保全胜的计谋争胜于天下，因此国力、军力不致疲惫受伤而胜利却可圆满获得，这就是“谋攻”的法则。

所以用兵打仗的原则是：有十倍于敌的兵力就包围他，五倍于敌就进攻他，两倍于敌就设法使敌兵力分散各个击破，敌我兵力相当就要善于设法战胜敌人，兵力少于敌人就设法摆脱敌人，实力弱于敌人就要避免决战。弱小的军队只知坚守硬拼，就会被强大的敌人俘虏。

主将好比是国家的辅佐，辅佐得缜密周详，国家必定强盛。辅佐得疏漏失当，国家必定衰弱。

所以，国君危害军队的情况有下列三种：不懂得军队不可以前进却要命令它前进，不懂得军队不可以后退却要迫使它后退，这叫作束缚军队；不懂得军队的内部事务，而要干预军队的行政，那么官兵就会变得迷惑；不懂得军队作战的权宜机变，却要干预军队的指挥，那么官兵就会产生怀疑。将士既迷惑又怀疑，那么列国诸侯军队乘机进犯的灾难就到来了，这就叫作扰乱军心，自取败亡。

所以预知胜利的情况有五种：懂得什么情况下可以对敌作战和在什么情况下不可以对敌作战，就胜利；懂得根据双方兵力对比的多少而正确采用战法的，就胜利；君民、君将、将兵同心同德的，胜利；以有防备的军队攻击没有戒备的军队，胜利；主帅有指挥才能而国君不加牵制的，胜利。这五条就是预知胜利的方法。

所以说：既了解敌方，又了解自己，打多少次仗也没有危险；不了解敌人但了解自己，可能打胜，也可能打败；既不了解敌方，又不了解自己，每次战争都会有危险。

【英文】

Sun Tzu said: In the practical art of war, the best thing of all is to take the enemy's country whole and intact; to shatter and destroy it is not so good. So, too, it is better to recapture an army entire than to destroy it, to capture a regiment, a detachment or a company entire than to destroy them. Hence to fight and conquer in all your battles is not supreme excellence; supreme excellence consists in breaking the enemy’s resistance without fighting.

Thus the highest form of generalship is to balk the enemy's plans; the next best is to prevent the junction of the enemy's forces; the next in order is to attack the enemy's army in the field; and the worst policy of all is to besiege walled cities. The rule is, not to besiege walled cities if it can possibly be avoided. The preparation of mantlets, movable shelters, and various implements of war, will take up three whole months; and the piling up of mounds over against the walls will take three months more. The general, unable to control his irritation, will launch his men to the assault like swarming ants, with the result that one-third of his men are slain while the town still remains untaken. Such are the disastrous effects of a siege. Therefore the skillful leader subdues the enemy's troops without any fighting; he captures their cities without laying siege to them; he overthrows their kingdom without lengthy operations in the field. With his forces intact he will dispute the mastery of the Empire, and thus, without losing a man, his triumph will be complete. This is the method of attacking by stratagem.

It is the rule in war, if our forces are ten to the enemy's one, to surround him; if five to one, to attack him; if twice as numerous, to divide our army into two. If equally matched, we can offer battle; if slightly inferior in numbers, we can avoid the enemy; if quite unequal in every way, we can flee from him. Hence, though an obstinate fight may be made by a small force, in the end it must be captured by the larger force.

Now the general is the bulwark of the State; if the bulwark is complete at all points; the State will be strong; if the bulwark is defective, the State will be weak.

There are three ways in which a ruler can bring misfortune upon his army: - ① By commanding the army to advance or to retreat, being ignorant of the fact that it cannot obey. This is called hobbling the army. ② By attempting to govern an army in the same way as he administers a kingdom, being ignorant of the conditions which obtain in an army. This causes restlessness in the soldier's minds. ③ By employing the officers of his army without discrimination, through ignorance of the military principle of adaptation to circumstances. This shakes the confidence of the soldiers. But when the army is restless and distrustful, trouble is sure to come from the other feudal princes. This is simply bringing anarchy into the army, and flinging victory away.

Thus we may know that there are five essentials for victory: ① He will win who knows when to fight and when not to fight. ② He will win who knows how to handle both superior and inferior forces.③ He will win whose army is animated by the same spirit throughout all its ranks. ④ He will win who, prepared himself, waits to take the enemy unprepared. ⑤ He will win who has military capacity and is not interfered with by the sovereign.

Hence the saying: If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the result of a hundred battles. If you know yourself but not the enemy, for every victory gained you will also suffer a defeat. If you know neither the enemy nor yourself, you will succumb in every battle.