TheEconomist:中国越来越多人开始选择二三线城市

匠心心态 2025-01-11 03:07:36

前几年,中国的年轻人、投资者、消费者和创意工作者都一窝蜂涌向四个城市:北京、上海、深圳和广州,因为这四个城市人口庞大、公共服务完善、基础设施现代,被称为“一线城市”。

但到了2025年,中国的二、三线城市将逐渐抢走它们的风头。

Emerging Preferences Among the Young

This summer, approximately 12 million college graduates in China will enter the job market. Surveys show that a significant portion of them no longer fix their sights on Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, or Guangzhou, but instead head to provincial capitals like Changsha and Nanjing. These cities not only offer a more relaxed pace of life but also boast a thriving cultural scene, attracting live streamers, musicians, and artists.

In fact, many white-collar professionals and middle-aged workers are growing tired of the high housing costs and intense workloads in China’s four largest cities. Some have already started planning to settle in second- or third-tier cities.

Tech Innovation Meets a More Relaxed Environment

The influx of young talent not only reshapes consumer demand but also injects more technological innovation into smaller cities. These cities are seeing growth in high-end manufacturing, biotech, semiconductors, and other sectors, thanks to an influx of skilled individuals. Hefei, for example, has formed a highly competitive industrial cluster through government investment and public-private collaboration. In 2025, it plans to develop a “low-altitude economy,” which includes drone delivery and flying taxi technologies.

When it comes to the political atmosphere, some smaller cities offer a more laid-back environment. Chengdu, for example, is famous for its teahouses, slower pace of life, and eclectic music culture, drawing in many free-thinking young people. Nevertheless, Beijing’s status as the political center remains firmly unchallenged.

一线城市不再那么有“吸引力”

现在一线城市的生活成本越来越高,很多人根本买不起房,北京和上海的房价普遍比普通人的年收入高出30到40倍,也就是你要工作30年到40年,才够勉强买一套房。工作节奏也非常紧张,“996”(早9点到晚9点,一周6天)的工作模式相当普遍,既累又收入有限。再加上经济不景气,很多人开始“勒紧裤腰带”过日子。就拿北京来说,2024年上半年餐饮业利润就跌了近90%。

二三线城市机会多,生活压力小

中国的二三线城市开始逐渐崛起,吸引了很多一线城市的人才,二三线城市的基础建设也不错,房子相对便宜,工作节奏更轻松,经济增速还常常比全国平均水平高。按西方的标准衡量,这些城市人口可能也有上千万,而且还在不断增加;相比之下,北京、上海的人口已经开始缩减。

2025年,很多行业会在这些小城市找到新市场。由于生活成本更低,这里的消费者愿意多花钱。咖啡馆、电动车经销商在街头随处可见,经营KFC(肯德基)的Yum China计划在2026年前再开设数千家门店,其中一半以上会设在这类小城市。

年轻人的新去向

今年夏天,中国将有约1200万大学毕业生。调查显示,很大一部分不再盯着北上广深,而是选择长沙、南京等省会城市。这些地方不仅生活节奏相对轻松,还拥有蓬勃发展的文化产业,吸引了众多主播、音乐人和艺术家。

很多白领、中年人也厌倦了北上广深的高房价与高强度工作,有部分人已经开始有所规划准备到二三线城市定居。

科技创新与更轻松的环境

年轻人的到来不仅改变了消费结构,也为小城市带来了更多的科技创新。比如在高端制造、生物科技、半导体等方面获得了更多人才支持。像合肥这样的城市,已经凭借政府投资和民企合作,形成了很有竞争力的产业集群。2025年它们还准备大力发展“低空经济”,也就是配送无人机和飞行出租车等新技术。

政治环境方面,一些小城市氛围更宽松,比如成都以茶馆、悠闲的节奏和多元音乐文化闻名,吸引了许多思想更开放的年轻人。不过,在政治中心这一点上,北京的地位依然无可撼动。

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